{"help": "https://data.gov.au/data/en/api/3/action/help_show?name=package_show", "success": true, "result": {"archived": false, "author_email": null, "contact_point": "bronte.tilbrook@csiro.au", "creator_user_id": "c2fbbe4a-4ba0-4945-808b-67454605a4cf", "duplicate_score": 2, "geospatial_topic": [], "id": "c49e1c52-ee9a-4839-bb72-3589afae117d", "isopen": false, "language": "eng", "license_id": "notspecified", "license_title": "notspecified", "maintainer": null, "maintainer_email": null, "metadata_created": "2025-06-23T09:04:20.112841", "metadata_modified": "2025-06-23T09:04:20.112848", "name": "2016-soe-marine-chapter-pressures-climate-change-ocean-acidification", "notes": "The Marine chapter of the 2016 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment \"Pressures on the marine environment associated with climate change - ocean acidification\". The full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided), is attached to this record. Where available, the Data Stream(s) used to generate this Expert Assessment are accessible through the \"On-line Resources\" section of this record.\n\nDESCRIPTION OF THE PRESSURE\nThe uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean results in changes in seawater chemistry, including a decrease in pH and dissolved carbonate ion concentrations, know as ocean acidification. Since pre-industrial times the pH of waters around Australia are estimated to have decreased between 0.08 and 0.10, consistent with global estimates of pH change. Superimposed on the large-scale change is much more variability at seasonal and local scales where natural processes can amplify or offset ocean acidification in a range of environments (Mongin et al., 2016; Walbusser et al, 2014; Shaw et al., 2012). The detection of trends and state in most coastal, shelf and subsurface waters around Australia is limited by lack of data.\nThe pH and dissolved carbonate ion concentration of ocean waters around Australia will continue to decrease at the ocean takes up atmospheric CO2 emissions. The rates of change are linked to different emission scenarios (Lenton et al., 2015). Ocean acidification will persist for many millennia, even if emissions are reduced (e.g. Frolicher and Joos, 2010).  Seasonal undersaturation of aragonite in surface waters of the Southern Ocean is predicted to occur by 2030 with consequences for calcifying organisms like pteropods (McNeil and Matear, 2008; Hauri et al., 2015). \nOcean acidification is expected to lead to widespread shifts in ecosystems and puts at risk regional economies reliant on healthy and sustainable marine ecosystems such as tourism and aquaculture.  \nDATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT\nOffshore data from around Australia as described in Lenton et al 2015. Details of the specific data sets used to generate this assessment have not been provided.\n\n2016 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]\n\u2022 2016 \u2022\nAssessment grade: Very high impact\nAssessment trend: Deteriorating\nConfidence grade: Adequate high quality evidence and high level of consensus\nConfidence trend: Adequate high quality evidence and high level of consensus\nComparability: Grade and trend are somewhat comparable to the 2011 assessment\n\u2022 2011 \u2022\nAssessment grade: Very good\nAssessment trend: Deteriorating\nConfidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus\nConfidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus\n\nCHANGES SINCE 2011 SOE ASSESSMENT\nMore data are now available.", "num_resources": 5, "num_tags": 5, "organization": {"id": "0143757a-86ab-43e4-bba6-4a3a2a02b6c4", "name": "australian-ocean-data-network", "title": "Australian Ocean Data Network", "type": "organization", "description": "Harvester for 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