{"help": "https://data.gov.au/data/en/api/3/action/help_show?name=package_show", "success": true, "result": {"archived": false, "author_email": null, "contact_point": "info@aodn.org.au", "creator_user_id": "c2fbbe4a-4ba0-4945-808b-67454605a4cf", "duplicate_score": 2, "geospatial_topic": [], "id": "447f1d75-0be8-4152-b67f-184355a4af44", "isopen": false, "language": "eng", "license_id": "notspecified", "license_title": "notspecified", "maintainer": null, "maintainer_email": null, "metadata_created": "2025-12-21T02:22:26.446849", "metadata_modified": "2025-12-21T02:22:26.446857", "name": "2021-state-of-the-environment-report-marine-chapter-expert-assessment-state-and-trend-harmful-a", "notes": "The Marine chapter of the 2021 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment \"State and Trend of Harmful Algal Blooms\". \n<strong><em>A PDF of the full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided) is downloadable in the \"On-line Resources\" section of this record as \"EXPERT ASSESSMENT 2021 - State and Trend \u2013 Harmful Algal Blooms\"</em></strong>\n\n\n\nDESCRIPTION OF PROCESS FOR EXPERT ASSESSMENT\nHarmful Algal Blooms (HABs) are multifaceted, comprising a wide range of phenomena caused by some 150 different marine organisms \u2013 most of which are phytoplankton \u2013 that can have negative socio-economic impacts on humans and the marine environment. These include: (i) water discolourations, scum or foam, e.g. Noctiluca scintillans red tides closing beaches; (ii) biotoxin accumulation in seafood above levels considered safe for human consumption, e.g. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) by Alexandrium pacificum in NSW in 2016, in the Swan-Canning Rivers in 2019-2020, and Alexandrium catenella in Tasmania in 2016 and 2017 (toxins in mussels 200 times above regulatory level); in both cases resulting in shellfish or other invertebrate (abalone, rock lobster) harvesting bans; and (iii) any other event where humans, animals or other organisms are negatively affected by algae, e.g. ciguatera poisoning from recreational fish caught in northern NSW (Fig.1). \n\nDATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT\nData for the iconic HAB events in Australia are catalogued in the Harmful Algae Event Database,  HAEDAT, http://haedat.iode.org. To analyse the range increase, time series and seasonal cycle in Noctiluca scintillans we used the IMOS Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder survey data, see Richardson et al. (2006) for detailed methodology, the IMOS National Reference Station data and the data collated through the Australian Phytoplankton Database, see Davies et al. (2016). This last dataset also contains the HAB monitoring program, samples analysed by Steve Brett at Microalgal Services for the NSW food authority which have been used to look at the time series of potentially toxic microalgae.\n\n\n\n2021 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]\n\n\u2022 2021 \u2022\nAssessment grade: Very good\nAssessment trend: Stable\nConfidence grade: Somewhat adequate\nConfidence trend: Somewhat adequate\nComparability: Grade and trend comparable to the 2016 assessment.\n\u2022 2016 \u2022\nAssessment grade: Very good\nAssessment trend: Stable\nConfidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus\nConfidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus\nComparability: Grade and trend somewhat comparable to the 2011 assessment.\n\u2022 2011 \u2022\nAssessment grade: Very good\nAssessment trend: Stable\nConfidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus\nConfidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus\n\n\n\nCHANGES SINCE 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