{"help": "https://data.gov.au/data/api/3/action/help_show?name=package_show", "success": true, "result": {"archived": false, "author_email": null, "contact_point": "metadata@aad.gov.au", "creator_user_id": "c2fbbe4a-4ba0-4945-808b-67454605a4cf", "duplicate_score": 1, "geospatial_topic": [], "id": "ba92d81b-d7f6-407e-9be9-c6abf6130416", "isopen": false, "language": "eng", "license_id": "notspecified", "license_title": "notspecified", "maintainer": null, "maintainer_email": null, "metadata_created": "2025-11-17T14:33:01.000566", "metadata_modified": "2025-11-17T14:33:01.000574", "name": "king-penguin-breeding-population-at-heard-island1", "notes": "This indicator is no longer maintained, and is considered OBSOLETE.\nINDICATOR DEFINITION\nThe size of the breeding population of King Penguins at Heard Island.\nTYPE OF INDICATOR\nThere are three types of indicators used in this report:\n1.   Describes the CONDITION of important elements of a system;\n2.   Show the extent of the major PRESSURES exerted on a system;\n3.   Determine RESPONSES to either condition or changes in the condition of a system.\nThis indicator is one of: CONDITION\nRATIONALE FOR INDICATOR SELECTION\nThe breeding population of King Penguins is related to resource availability (nesting space and food), behavioural mechanisms (immigration/emigration and breeding effort/success) in addition to climate change and human impacts such as fisheries. Monitoring breeding population and interpretation of the data provides information on changes in the Subantarctic ecosystem. \nDESIGN AND STRATEGY FOR INDICATOR MONITORING PROGRAM\nSpatial scale: Heard Island (lat 53 deg 06' 00.0\" S, long 73 deg 31' 59.9\" E).\nFrequency: 2-3 years. Access to remote colonies and other logistical constraints do not permit annual visits.\nMeasurement technique: Each colony is visited and individual birds are counted from the ground by two or three personnel performing replicate counts. Further counts are obtained by oblique ground and aerial photography. All breeding individuals in a colony are counted. Considerations regarding disturbance associated with census visits are also incorporated into monitoring strategies. The lack of annual census data does not reduce the value of these long-term monitoring programmes.\nRESEARCH ISSUES\nThe king penguin breeding population at Heard Island has increased at almost 20% per year since the late 1940s; other king penguin populations throughout the Southern Ocean have also increased, but not as rapidly. 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