{"help": "https://data.gov.au/data/api/3/action/help_show?name=package_show", "success": true, "result": {"archived": false, "author_email": null, "contact_point": "info@aodn.org.au", "creator_user_id": "c2fbbe4a-4ba0-4945-808b-67454605a4cf", "duplicate_score": 2, "geospatial_topic": [], "id": "2413a527-a330-4c56-8dcd-22f33ebe36bf", "isopen": false, "language": "eng", "license_id": "notspecified", "license_title": "notspecified", "maintainer": null, "maintainer_email": null, "metadata_created": "2025-12-20T19:30:33.225653", "metadata_modified": "2025-12-20T19:30:33.225662", "name": "2021-state-of-the-environment-report-marine-chapter-expert-assessment-state-and-trend-water-cla", "notes": "The Marine chapter of the 2021 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment \"State and Trend of Water clarity (turbidity, transparency and colour)\". \n<strong><em>A PDF of the full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided) is downloadable in the \"On-line Resources\" section of this record as \"EXPERT ASSESSMENT 2021 - Water Clarity\"</em></strong>\n\n\n\nDESCRIPTION OF PROCESS FOR EXPERT ASSESSMENT\nMarine environments (continental shelf and open ocean) are influenced by regional variation in climate, geomorphology and oceanography, all of which regulate the concentration and nature of the dissolved and particulate materials in seawater. These constituents collectively determine water quality.\nAustralian marine waters are generally low in suspended sediments and colour resulting in relatively deep light penetration that allows pelagic primary producers (phytoplankton) to persist at depths greater than 100 m. Marine ecosystems are adapted to these conditions and therefore any deterioration in water quality (i.e., increased turbidity or decreased optical transparency) threatens key habitat-forming benthic primary producers such as kelps and seagrasses. \nIn oceanic and outer continental shelf waters the major determinant of turbidity, transparency, and colour is the biomass of phytoplankton (Yentsch 1960), with phytoplankton growth largely being driven by the availability of dissolved nutrients. However, water transparency declines strongly toward shore due to increased sources of sediment, nutrients and greater phytoplankton biomass.\nThe northern waters of Australia (Timor and Arafura Seas) have highest suspended sediment (lowest transparency) relative to southern waters, and those in the Coral Sea have greatest transparency (Secchi disk depth; Fig. 1). Water transparency is strongly seasonal, reaching a minimum in spring in the Temperate East and Southeast and in winter in the North, Northwest, Southwest and Coral Sea, due to growth of phytoplankton (as indicated by peaks in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration; Fig. 1; Thompson et al 2020). \nTidal flows and waves contribute to turbidity, but extreme events such as tropical cyclones and storms can increase the level of suspended sediment by up to 3 orders of magnitude (x1000) due to both runoff and bottom disturbance by waves. In addition, tropical rivers in areas of high rainfall can deliver large amounts of sediment to the coastal zone, with plumes sometimes being quite extensive.   \n\nDATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT\nWater quality data was derived from two sources: \ni) IMOS National Reference Stations, sampled monthly \nii) Globcolour, a time-series of ocean colour data merged from four satellite data sources: MERIS, MODIS, SeaWIFS. Globcolour data was accessed in a bounding box of 110-150 oE and -10:-45 oS over a time period that spanned the last 2 SOE periods, 2011 \u2013 2020. The TSS product was only available from early 2016 onwards. \nFor more information: https://www.globcolour.info/products_description.html \n\nSatellite sensors have the appropriate spatial (m to km) and temporal coverage (min to days), to assess water quality but require algorithms to convert satellite remote sensing reflectance into biogeochemical properties. While global algorithms are biased towards validation data collected predominantly in the northern hemisphere, satellite data remain the longest time-series with which to assess the status of marine water quality. These data are complemented by in-situ time series at IMOS National Reference Stations in a limited number of locations around Australia. \n\n\n\n2021 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]\n\n\u2022 2021 \u2022\nAssessment grade: Good\nAssessment trend: Stable\nConfidence grade: Somewhat adequate\nConfidence trend: Adequate \nComparability: Grade and trend comparable to 2016 assessment \n\u2022 2016 \u2022\nAssessment grade: Good\nAssessment trend: Stable\nConfidence grade: Adequate high quality evidence and high level of consensus\nConfidence trend: Adequate high quality evidence and high level of consensus\nComparability: Grade and trend are comparable to the 2011 assessment\n\u2022 2011 \u2022\nAssessment grade: Very good\nAssessment trend: Stable\nConfidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus\nConfidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus\n\n\n\nCHANGES SINCE 2016 SOE ASSESSMENT\nThere was a significant increase in Secchi disk depth from 2009-2015 in the Australian region (10\u00b0S to 45\u00b0S and 105\u00b0E to 160\u00b0E), indicating the water was becoming more transparent. 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